12 Hewitt, C., Atkinson, R., "Parallelism and Synchronization in Actor Systems," acm Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages 4, January 1977, Los Angeles, California.11 Goldberg, A., Kay, A., SMALLTALK-72 Instruction Manual, Learning research group, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1976.10 Goldberg, A., Robson, D., SMALLTALK-80, The Language and its Implementation, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading Massachusetts, 1983.A., "Computational Modeling for the Computer Animation of Legged Figures," in Computer Graphics V 19 #3, 1985, (proceedings of acre SIGGRAPH '85), pp. R., Kay, A., Marion, A., unpublished research on behavioral simulation and animation, Atari Research, 1983. 7 Burton, R., Bird Behavior, Alfred A.6 Braitenberg, V., Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1984.5 Austin, H., "The Logo Primer," M|T A.I.
FOUR FLOCKS CODE
4 Amkraut, S., Girard, M., Karl, G., "motion studies for a work in progress entitled "Eurythmy' " in SIGGRAPH Video Review, Issue 21 (second item, time code 3:58 to 7:35), 1985, produced at the Computer Graphics Research Group, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.3 Amkraut, S., personal communication, January 8, 1987.2 Agha, G., Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986.
1 Abelson, H., and diSessa, A., "Maneuvering a Three Dimensional Turtle" in Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1981, pp.Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviors programmed into it by the "animator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviors of the individual simulated birds. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock the birds choose their own course. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle systems, with the simulated birds being the particles. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation.
The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world.
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